Blot the chopped jalapeños dry with paper towels and chill the shredded cheddar; reserve 2 tablespoons of the cheese for optional topping later.
In a large bowl, whisk together the flour, instant yeast, kosher salt, and garlic powder until evenly combined.
Stir the honey into the cool water, then pour into the dry mix. Use a sturdy spoon or dough whisk to stir until a shaggy, slightly sticky dough forms and no dry patches remain.
Cover and let the dough rest for 20 minutes at room temperature (this short rest helps the flour hydrate without kneading).
Strengthen the dough with three quick sets of stretch-and-folds: With a damp hand, grab one edge of the dough, stretch it up, and fold it over the center; rotate the bowl and repeat 6–8 times. Rest 10 minutes between sets. During the second set, gently fold in the cheddar and jalapeños until evenly dispersed.
Tightly cover the bowl and refrigerate for 10–16 hours, until the dough is noticeably risen, bubbly on top, and jiggly when the bowl is shaken.
Turn the dough onto a lightly floured piece of parchment. Dust your hands with flour, gather the dough into a round, and let it rest uncovered for 15 minutes to relax the gluten.
Tension-shape: Cup your hands and rotate the dough on the parchment, gently dragging it toward you to create surface tension and a taut ball. Loosely cover and proof at room temperature until slightly puffy, 30–45 minutes.
While the dough proofs, place a 4–6 quart Dutch oven with its lid in the oven and preheat to 460°F for at least 30 minutes.
Lightly flour the top of the loaf and score a shallow X (about 1/4 inch deep). Using the parchment as a sling, carefully lower the dough into the hot pot, cover, and bake for 25 minutes.
Uncover and bake 15–20 minutes more, until deeply golden and the center registers about 205°F. For a cheesy finish, sprinkle the reserved cheddar over the loaf for the final 5 minutes of baking.
Transfer the bread to a wire rack and cool completely, at least 1 hour, before slicing so the crumb sets and stays tender (no gumminess).