Warm a griddle or large skillet over medium heat; lightly grease with oil or butter.
Whisk flour, sugar, baking powder, baking soda, and salt in a large bowl.
In a second bowl, whisk buttermilk, beaten egg, melted butter, and vanilla until smooth.
Pour wet ingredients into the dry; stir gently just until no dry streaks remain.
Fold in blueberries and lemon zest. Let the batter rest 5 minutes to aerate.
Scoop 1/4-cup portions onto the hot griddle. Cook until edges look set and bubbles hold, 2–3 minutes.
Flip and cook until golden and cooked through, 1–2 minutes. Repeat, greasing the pan as needed.