Pat the beef dry, then season all over with 1.5 tsp salt and the black pepper.
Warm the oil in a large skillet over medium-high. Sear beef in batches until deeply browned. Move to a slow cooker.
Soften the onion in the same skillet, scraping up browned bits. Stir in garlic and cook 30 seconds.
Toast the cumin, oregano, cloves, and coriander with the onions for 30 seconds until fragrant.
Stir in chipotles, adobo sauce, tomato paste, and brown sugar. Pour in broth, vinegar, and lime juice; simmer 1 minute.
Transfer the sauce to the slow cooker. Add crumbled bay leaf and remaining salt. Toss to coat the beef.
Cook on LOW for 6 to 8 hours, until the meat shreds easily with two forks.
Shred the beef in the cooker. Skim excess fat. If saucy, simmer uncovered 10 minutes to thicken.
Taste and adjust with more lime or salt. Serve in warm tortillas or over rice with your favorite toppings.