Heat oven to 375°F. Lightly oil a 9x13-inch baking dish.
Boil tortellini in salted water until just shy of tender, 2 minutes less than package. Drain.
Warm olive oil in a large skillet over medium heat. Add onion; cook until softened, 4 minutes.
Stir in garlic; cook 30 seconds. Add ground beef and cook, breaking up, until browned. Drain if needed.
Sprinkle in chili powder, cumin, paprika, salt, and pepper. Toast spices 30 seconds, stirring.
Pour in enchilada sauce and tomatoes. Stir in black beans and corn. Simmer 3 to 4 minutes.
Combine tortellini with the beef sauce in a large bowl; toss gently to coat.
Spread mixture into the baking dish. Sprinkle evenly with shredded cheese.
Bake until bubbling and melted, 15 to 18 minutes. Broil 1 to 2 minutes for extra color, if desired.
Rest 5 minutes. Top with cilantro and green onions, then finish with lime juice. Serve warm.